The future 5G and 6G non-terrestrial networks (NTN) will offer continuous and ubiquitous coverage, serving predominantly terrestrial users in remote and underserved areas. The latest 3GPP releases imply that the user equipment (UE) must be equipped with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver determining its position, velocity, and time (PVT) to be able to connect to NTN. To…

Safe Localisation of railway vehicles is necessary to allow train control systems to operate. Today this is done within the European Train Control System (ETCS) by using fixed location tags called Eurobalises and odometry sensors. While Eurobalises typically are safe, fairly accurate and robust, they impose high costs for installation and maintenance on the infrastructure operator and only…

The application of machine learning (based on “black-box” modelling) is of interest in problems that are difficult to solve based on traditional (optimal) estimators for simple models (“white-box” modelling). Black-box modelling is difficult to be explained and understood (i.e., difficult to understand what to expect in unknown or new situations), involve high computation complexity, and…